Prospective Use RDF-Raw Materials in Agricultural Technologies and Rubble Concrete - Juniper publishers
Journal of Insights in Mining Science & Technology
Abstract
In St.
Petersburg and the adjacent territory of the Leningrad region there are about
250 unauthorized dumps, which are placed, according to very rough estimates, from
500 thousand to 1 million cubic meters of garbage. A distinctive feature of
illegal dumps is the high concentration of heavy and rare metals in the
garbage. The article discusses the possibility of using aerobic waste
composting as a fertilizer for soil and a solid building material, or
alternative solid binder, highly abrasive granules. The applied research
methods suggest that RDF wastes are commercialized and have the prospect of
becoming a separate innovative product.
Materials
and Methods
Alternative fuel
RDF (refuse derived fuel) or solid secondary fuel is a fuel derived from waste.
The composition of RDF includes high-calorie waste components such as plastic,
paper, cardboard, textiles, rubber, leather, wood, etc. (Figure 1).
The developed
model of the extruder (Figure 1), included a feed hopper 1, building 2, screw
4, interchangeable dies 5, and the incoming particles 3, simulating the
particles of peat. The presentation of the material was carried out uniformly,
sufficiently for the molding material [1]. It was decided to investigate the
granule
obtained from RDF-raw materials for uniaxial compression [2]. Press
Tinius Olsen is designed to study the breaking point of the pellet and
determine the limits of its destruction. At this stage, it was the main
equipment for determining the destruction of the granules with the potential
use of it later as an additive in building structures. Before starting work,
the granules were separated from the composition of the filling formed inside
the extruder (Figure 2). Thus, the limit of destruction of the sample came at
4788 N, which proves its use as a reinforcing material. The test schedule is
shown in the figure below (Figure 3). So for example, if a batch of brick M100
in strength, the compression ratio should be at least 100 kg / cm2, brick brand
M-250 is able to withstand 250 kg, in our case with waste when exposed to the
heel of the press on the destroyed sample before its complete destruction was
the limit of 500 kg, therefore the sample is strong enough [3,4].
Preparation of Blends and
Formulations
To assess the
possibility of using RDF-raw materials as fertilizer, an experiment was
conducted on the pH variation of acidity and evaluation of the germination of
shoots of grass “shadow”, which was added
in an amount of 7 g in each container (Table 1), with the resulting mixture and
germinated for 10 days (Table 1) (Figures 4-5).
In consultation
with the administration of MPBO-2 “Yanino№2 in the person of the chief
Engineer, where it was taken RDF-raw materials for experiments, it was found
that its reserves in the tails of 50 000 tons [5]. During the work the company
was doing some attempts of companies to take part in this compost (RDF) for use
as fertilizer, however, was complaints about the lack of recommendations for
doses of 1 ton of soil for a flowerbed plants and fruit plants. The second
observation was related to the smell of decomposing compost, which is a
restriction on the storage of RDF raw materials near public places. It to fight
these 2 comments were sent 4 of the research works [6,7].
After 10 days,
pH analyzer and moisture meter were used to measure these indicators in each of
the 6 containers (Table 2), and the germination of lawn grass “shadow” was
evaluated (Figure 6 & Table 2). So, based on the results of measurements, we
construct a histogram of the dependence of humidity and pH-acidity on the
formulation [7] (Figures 7-9).
Thus, the area of convergence of the
grass «shadow» optimal was 2 and 3 formulation, optimal humidity and pH-5
formulation, height of shoots-2, 4 and 5 For most parameters are not applicable
for agriculture (ornamental plants) 2 formulation. The root effect is the
selected ratio of humidity to pH 3.5 to 8. On fecundity influenced acidity. At
“ pH “ equal to seven, the reaction of the solution is neutral (the number of
H+ ions and IT is the same), if the value is below seven, then the soil is
acidic, if above seven, then alkaline [7]. The medium in the 3rd formulation
was alkaline, but this did not prevent to give high rates of convergence and
length of sprouts. Added peat to the mixture increased acidity, and in turn
sawdust neutralized harmful impurities of silicates in the form of fine dust of
glass, which abounds in RDF raw materials. Also 2 of the formulation ratios of
the composition of RDF to sawdust 50 to 50. The worst recognized 6 formulation,
it has a maximum ratio of RDF in relation to sawdust and peat.
Conclusion
As a result of
the experiments, the limiting threshold values for the creation of products
from waste were found out. Thus, the chain of Waste processing landfill is
realized-research laboratory of new composite materials GUAP-Buyer
(enterprise). The main result is the creation of trade turnover in the
environment of waste processing and environmental protection of urban areas
[8-9]. The development of products for the cluster of fertilizers and
reinforcing materials is being implemented in parallel in the form of a pilot
project at the IBO-2 “Yanino”. Economic benefits in cheap materials that can be
sold at a lower cost, unloading the territory of the BCH from the accumulated
waste of biothermal composting [10-13].
As a
result of the software product of the field experiments on the extruder MN-4,
tinius Olsen press, it became possible to prove the applicability of aerobic
composting products for processing in screw machines with appropriate automated
control. The possibilities of their applicability as a building material
(hardness up to 500 kg/cm2). In experiments with formulations of soil for germination
of grass “shadow” turned 2 the optimum formulation, at the optimum moisture
content and the pH 4 formulation, at the lowest odor thresholds of 1 and 2
recipe. For most parameters are most applicable for agriculture (ornamental
plants) 2 and 3 formulation.
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