Advancing Electronic Waste Management Techniques among Electrical/Electronic Technicians’ Workshops for Sustainable Healthy Society - Juniper publishers

Journal of Insights in Mining Science & Technology

Abstract

This study focused on the advancement of e-waste techniques among electrical/electronic technicians’ workshops for sustainable healthy society. Study was conducted in Nigeria. The participants for the study included 87 university engineering lecturers and 54 public health officers. Study adopted survey research design and structured questionnaire for data collection. The study was validated by three experts and reliability coefficient of 0.79 was achieved. Data obtained was analyzed using percentage, mean and standard deviation while t-test and ANOVA were used to test hypotheses. The result claimed that all e-waste components are hazardous except aluminum. Meanwhile, the level of hazardous varies and depends on type of e-waste and level of abundance. Result claimed that e-waste in electrical/electronic technician workshop have severe consequences such as uncontrolled fire and inflammatory/respiratory problem among others in the environment. Result confirmed that electrical/electronic technicians adopted unsafe method for managing e-waste such as dumping of e-waste inside flowing water and swamp and using e-waste for land filling. Result explained further that electrical/electronic technicians are facing challenges- exposure to injury and unavailability of modern equipment among others- in managing e-waste. Also, result confirmed that technique for managing e-waste in electrical/electronic workshop include establishment of recycling site and establishment and implementation of regulation. Meanwhile, result stated that qualification, experience, age and occupation affects respondent opinions in response to research questions.

Keywords: Electrical/Electronic Technicians; Electrical/Electronic Workshops; E-Waste; Hazardous Component of E-Waste Material; E-Waste Management

Introduction

Educators and sociologists often conceive technicians as junior professional workers who know some proper subset of what professionals such as engineers or scientists know [1-3]. Technicians are workers in the field of technology who are pro­ficient in relevant skills and techniques, with relatively practical understanding of theoretical principles for the purpose of car­rying out installation, maintenance and repair activities [4,5]. Engineering technicians are charged with responsibilities like testing, monitoring, identifying, correcting and repairing (trou­bleshooting) problem that may arise on devices [6,7]. Generally, the ultimate function, discipline and way of life of technicians is to troubleshoot and ensure that machines and other physical systems remain in good working order [8]. Meanwhile, during the 1950s and 1960s, technician was routinely cross-referenced with “radio and television” as well as “electronics” repair [9]. This marks the beginning of electrical/electronic technicians.

Electrical/Electronic Technicians

Seigler [10] opined that electrical/electronic technician is a person working on electrical/electronic equipment at technical level between the skilled tradesman and the professional elec­trical engineer/scientists who has the technical knowledge and skill necessary to repair and service the modern-day consumer electronic products. In Nigeria, electrical/electronic technicians are trained in technical colleges to acquire necessary skills and competencies to carryout maintenance and repair activities such as dismantling, assembling, repairing, servicing, maintaining and installing electrical/electronic equipment and home appli­ances [11-14]. Arthur, et al. [1]; Seigler [10]; Dearden [15]; Bu­reau of Labour Statistics [16], Onuoha [17] reported that aside from upholding the responsibility of training apprentices, elec­trical/electronic technicians are charged to advice consumers, plan, design, develop, construct, assemble, erect, install, main­tain, repair, adjust, monitor, service, test and commission elec­ trical equipment/appliances. Seigler [10] asserted that most of electrical/electronic technicians carry out their function and maintenance activities in service shops or in stores popularly termed as workshop - a place where technicians and learners/ apprentices experiment, test, construct, dismantle, repair, de­sign, create, imagine and study [18-20]. Electrical/Electronic technicians troubleshoot, maintain and repair appliances and equipment of different types such as refrigerator and air-condi­tions, electric motors and generators, voltage regulators, electric fan, Radio and Television sets, Amplifiers and Video recorders among others [11,13]. To be candid, the work of electrical/elec­tronic technicians are acknowledged, recognized and supported globally. Experts expatiated that manufacturers of electrical/ electronic appliances are providing supportive skill training to technicians which enable technicians of electrical/electronic appliances to carry out repairing and maintenance activities to take faulty equipment back to their normal working condition for economic concern [21-24].

Meanwhile, ageing, shorter life span, emergence of new and latest technology, obsoleteness of existing technology, scarci­ty of spare parts to rectify faulty equipment, poor technologi­cal knowhow behind electrical/electronic product among the technicians, failure to afford charging/billing price or service requirement by consumers among other factors cause some electrical/electronic products and appliances to be accumulated at technician workshops or stores [25-30]. Onuoha [17] opined that most of electrical/electronic workshops are the house of junks for unrepaired and obsolete equipment. Also, Amachree [31]; Puckett, Westervelt, Gutierrez and Takamiya [32] ex­plained that one quarter of the fairly used electrical/electronic appliances imported to Nigeria are functional, while the remain­ing three quarter of these appliances are either electronic junk or unserviceable at electrical/electronic workshop. Babatunde [25] argued that these junks of electrical/electronic equipment constitute wastes of Electrical and Electronic Equipment (Waste- EEE), which can otherwise be called Electronic Waste (E-Waste) or e-scraps at technicians’ workshops. Olaitan, Asogwa and Abu [23] reported that electrical/electronic machines and applianc­es become e-waste when they are considered out of use for their predetermined purposes.

E-waste

Kozlan [33] opined that e-waste is all electrical/electronic equipment or products with power plug, and batteries which have become obsolete due to advancement in technology, chang­es in fashion, style and status, and nearing the end of their useful life. Morgan [34] described e-waste as loosely discarded, sur­plus, obsolete or broken electrical or electronic devices. Electri­cal/electronic waste refers to electrical/electronic appliances designed with a voltage rating not exceeding 1000 volts for al­ternating current and 1500 volts for direct current which have become obsolete, at the end of their lives or that have been dis­carded by their original users [35-38]. Babatunde [25]; Munda­da, Sunil, & Shekdar, [26]; Ewuim, Akunne, Abajue, Nwankwo & Faniran [39]; Eyo [40]; Ogbomo, Obuh & Ibolo [41] opined that e-waste could be mobile phones, computers, communication equipment, entertainment electronic gadgets, household elec­tronic appliances, audio-visual equipment and other valuable items or less functional and durable electronic gadgets that are no longer in use by their original owners. Scholars submitted that e-waste, in most of the time, is grouped into large house­hold appliances, small household appliances, information tech­nology (IT) and telecommunication equipment and consumer equipment [38,39,42,43]. Emphatically, it is very undoubtful to declare that Massive volume and tons of e-waste are produced globally [44]. Specifically, it was estimated by scholars that 20 million to 50 million metric tons of e-waste is generated global­ly every year [25,45-49]. Thus, United States, Western Europe, China, Japan, and Australia are the major countries holding the leading position on the extent of e-waste generation in the world [28,50,51]. Scholars claimed that 50-80% of waste generated in these industrialized nations are probably exported to developing countries like China, India, Nigeria and Ghana [44,48,49,52-53]. Ogungbuyi, Nnorom, Osibanjo & Schluep [38]; UN Comtrade [54] estimated that within the year 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009 and 2010, 2794400, 57050, 46750, 2810900 and 403100 tons of electri­cal/electronic wastes were imported to Nigeria respectively. Eyo [40]; Christine [55]; Obaje [37]; Puckett, Westervelt, Gutierrez & Takamiya [32]; Sonny [56] reported that 500 containers of fairly used electrical/electronic appliances are imported to Nigeria ev­ery months from Europe with each container holding 500 to 800 computers and monitors representing about 400,000 computers arriving to Nigeria every month. Also, Adediran & Abdulkarim [35]; Amachree [31]; Amanze [57]; Bello, Najib, Umar & Ibra­him [58]; Basel Action Network, BAN (59); Khurrum, Adnan and Xiaozhe [60]; Nnorom & Osibanjo [61]; Percy [62]; Puckett, Westervelt, Gutierrez & Takamiya [32]; Obaje [37] claimed that five million of fairly used personal computers are imported an­nually into Nigeria through the major sea port of Lagos alone of which 25-75% of these computer wares are unusable junk and unserviceable. In addition to this, Baldé, Wang, Kuehr & Huis­man [45]; Chimere, Peter, Martina and Willie [47] reported that in 2014, Nigeria generated about 219 kilo tons of e-waste. Mean­while, Amoyaw-Osei et al. [63]; Edward-Ekpu [64]; Percy [62] reported that 1,100,000 tons of e-waste are generated in each year in Nigeria. Thus, the internally generated e-waste coupled with imported e-waste positioned Nigeria as one of the coun­tries where greater volume of e-waste is generated in Africa and in the world at large.

Ogungbuyi, Nnorom, Osibanjo & Schluep [38] expressed that the availability of large number of highly trained but low income informal technicians with impressive ability for repair­ing and refurbishing of used electrical/electronic equipment for local resale has influenced the importation of used electrical and electronic equipment from developed countries like Europe and North America to Africa such as Nigeria. However, following the fact that Nigeria as a nation lacks modern and standardized e-waste recycling facility, - the unusable, nonfunctional and un­serviceable e-waste is dumped in several public places and sites spread around the cities and country [39,65].

Hazardous Component of E-waste Material

Analytically, e-waste is made up of certain components like ferrous and non-ferrous metals, and insulators [39]. E-waste items such as battery and Printed circuit boards among oth­ers contain primarily metals and non-metals components and most have certain percentage of chromium, lead, copper, nick­el, cadmium, and other heavy metals and zinc [26,44,65,66-68]. Scientists affirmed that e-wastes has different hazardous and non- hazardous substances which are broadly consists of fer­rous and non-ferrous metals, plastics, glass, wood & plywood, printed circuit boards, concrete and ceramics, rubber and other items [43]. Heacock, Kelly & Asante, et al. [44]; Napoleon and Sinclair [68]; Needhidasan, Melvin & Ramalingam [27] also claimed that e-waste has the content of both toxic and valuable materials in them. Shamsul [69] agreed to this and depicted that most electronic products contain toxic metals of different types which can quickly contaminate the environment when dumped. Thus, electrical/electronic equipment are made from hazardous/toxic elements capable of making e-waste a treat and affecting human and the environmental health in Nigeria [27,32,38,40,60,64,67,69,70-74]. Also, Alake & Ighalo [75] ex­plained that many components of disposed electrical/electronic waste are heinously toxic, non-biodegradable and ecologically debilitating in nature if accidentally released into the environ­ment. In most of the time, e-waste material has severe negative influence on electrical/electronic technicians and the nearby resident, by affecting the air, water and soil around them [38]. Many studies were conducted on identification of e-waste com­ponents but none of these studies was specifically focused on hazardous status of e-waste components based on the quantity of abundance in electrical/electronic technicians’ workshops. Thus, part of this study would examine the hazardous status of e-waste components based on the quantity of abundance in elec­trical/electronic technician’s workshop.

These toxins will end up in the biological systems of living organisms causing terminal ailments, diseases and death if al­lowed [75,76]. Also, Omenogo [28]; Yousif [77] submitted that when e-waste is not properly disposed, the toxic substances present in components of electrical/electronic equipment can be harmful to humans and other organisms. Obaje [37]; Terada [65] claimed that the risk from e-waste affects the entire eco­systems and it is a major environmental health risk to wildlife and humans. For instance, Anwesha & Pardeep [78] reported that Guiyu in Hong Kong, a flourishing area of illegal e-waste re­cycling, is battling with shortages of clean and pure water due to the contamination of water resources by e-waste component. Nnorom & Osibanjo [61]; Sridhar & Bammeke [79] reported that in an industrialized area of Lagos state, some water body were tested to be acidic with PH scale of 3.40. This was attributed to mobility of heavy metals from disposed e-waste items and ma­terials and from ash and cinder resulting from the open burn­ing process, toward water bodies used for domestic purposes [61]. Also, Obaje [37]; Puckett, Westervelt, Gutierrez & Takamiya [32]; Terada [65] reported that 4,000 tons of hazardous e-waste (polychlorinated biphenyi) imported to koko area in Delta state, Nigeria from Italy in 1988 caused many people in the area died of cancerous diseases before it was discovered and repatriated back to source country. It is not doubtful to claim that number of studies were carried out on general hazardous effect of e-waste but none of these studies specifically focused on hazardous ef­fect of e-waste in electrical/electronic service workshop. Thus, this study would investigate the possible effect of electrical/ electronic waste components in electrical/electronic workshop to human and its environment.

Pike Research reported that the volume of electronics e-waste, with increasing adoption of electronic gadgets around the world and ever shorter product life cycles, is expected to double over the next 15 years, from 6 million tons in 2010 to 14.9 million tons, by 2025 [55,80-81]. In another submit, Basel Ac­tion Network (BAN) claimed that e-waste generated worldwide has elevated from 9.3 million tons in 2005 to 50 million tons in 2012 [42,30]. Thus, the problem is that only around one tenth of these e-wastes were collected and taken care of [42,48,82- 84] while the remaining 90% become threat to the society and constituting wasting of resources [44,61]. In a real sense, collec­tion of electrical and electronic waste is a sustainable process that maximizes recycling to retain valuable e-waste components in the economy and safely disposes of dangerous components [83-84]. Thus, to get rid of these adverse effects of e-waste that are generated in electrical/electronic service workshop, there is need for proper management of e-waste materials.

E-waste management

Adediran & Abdulkarim [56] submitted that e-waste manage­ment is a process of reducing, reusing and recycling of e-waste. Obaje [37]; Waste Management [85] opined that e-waste man­agement is an effective recovery of all reusable materials from old, nonfunctioning, abandoned and disposed electrical/elec­tronic equipment; and safe disposal of the hazardous substanc­es in them to prevent such toxic material from contaminating the environment. Management of e-wastes involves collection, keeping, treatment and disposal of electrical/electronic waste/ scraps in a safe manner to repudiate/prevent human and its environment from harmful effect e-waste [86,87]. Meanwhile, the practices adopted by electrical/electronic technicians in their workshops to manage e-waste generated seem to be ille­gal, primitive and unsafe. Anwesha & Pardeep [78]; Sepúlveda, Schluep & Renaud [88] claimed that a persistent increase in legal and illegal trade of waste electrical and electronic equip­ment (WEEE) worldwide has caused equally increasing concern of poor WEEE management techniques. Scholars claimed that unsafe, unregulated and unaccountable collection, processing, and redistribution of old or abandoned electrical/electronic equipment are performed by workers at temporary sites, resi­ dences, workshops, and open public spaces [44]. Thus, Heacock, Kelly & Asante, et al. [44]; Solving the E-Waste Problem, StEP, Initiative [89] submitted that general practices of e-waste man­agement among the populaces include using acid baths, burning cables, breaking of e-waste item into smaller parts using forceful approach, and dumping of e-waste materials into an unjustifi­able position. Meanwhile, these workers may have embarked on e-waste risky processes and practices due to some challeng­es they may likely to have been facing such as lack of required knowledge, little or no access to latest technology and personal protective equipment among others [44,90]. However, the stud­ies reviewed expatiated on unsafe practices of general public regarding e-waste management and challenges they might be encountered while managing on e-wastes management. Thus, none of these studies empirically claimed the common practices of electrical/electronic technicians regarding e-waste manage­ment in Nigeria. One of the focus of this study was to determine the common practice adopted by electrical/electronic techni­cians to manage e-waste in their workshops and, the challenges which electrical/electronic technicians were encountering over e-waste management in their service workshops.

Azodo, Ogban & Okpor [88]; Okwesili, Ndukwe & Nwuzor [91] asserted that management of e-wastes focused on efforts of concerned people through conscious and systematic attempt in maintaining and sustaining an aesthetic, economically viable, physically healthy, conducive and safe environment for living. Hossain, Al-Hamadani & Rahman [42]; India Central Pollution Control Board [92]; Nnorom & Osibanjo [61]; Pinto [93] claimed that reclaiming some of the e-wastes materials and recycling them appropriately will mitigate the severe effect of e-waste on living things including plant and animals and their environment. Hossain, Al-Hamadani & Rahman [42] submitted that proper management of these e-wastes is important for the purpose of getting free from hazardous chemicals effect they possessed. Obaje [37]; Opara [94] claimed also that failure to effectively manage e-waste can leads to adverse environmental deteriora­tion, depletion of potentially valuable resource base for second­ary equipment and by extension serves as blocking stone for the attainment of sustainable development.

The goal three and eleven of sustainable development (agen­da 2030) declared in September 25-27, 2015 at United Nation Head Quarters, New York emphasized that quality and healthy living and well-being for all at all ages; and inclusive, safe, resil­ient and sustainable cities and human settlements must be the ultimate priority of all nations including Nigeria [95-103]. The target for attaining these goals among others includes strength­ening the capacity of all countries, in particular developing countries, for early warning, risk reduction and management of national and global health risks; and reduces the adverse per capita environmental impact of cities, including paying special attention to air quality and municipal and other waste manage­ment [101-102]. However, there is need to device appropriate management techniques for e-waste materials in electrical/elec­tronic workshops globally and in Nigeria to be specific. This will go a long way in helping nations including Nigeria to achieve the sustainable healthy environment which goal three and eleven of agenda 2030 of sustainable development is advocating.

Anwesha & Pardeep [76] explained that the appropriate management measures of e-waste include establishment of stringent regulations. United Nations Environment Programme, UNEP, [104] opined that strengthening the political cooperation of a country to promote capacity building among workers and enhance public and private investment on safe and environmen­tally careful waste management technology will reduce adverse effect of e-waste. Also, Alabaster, Asante & Bergman et al. [105] recognized that bringing poverty to minimum level will allevi­ate the e-waste challenge in the long-term. Heacock, Kelly & As­ante [44] submitted that raising the awareness and regulation of trans-boundary movement and disposal of hazardous and other wastes is a critical means of managing e-waste. Thus, portion of this study would empirically determine the techniques required to manage e-wastes in electrical/electronic service workshops in Nigeria. This is because none of existing studies has ever in­vestigated on techniques for managing e-waste in technician’s workshops. However, the purpose of this study was to advance electrical/electronic waste management techniques among elec­trical/electronic technicians’ workshops for sustainable healthy society. Specifically, the study sort to address the following re­search questions:

a) What are the hazardous status of e-waste components in electrical/electronic technicians’ workshops base on their level of abundance?

b) What are the hazardous effect of e-waste in electrical/ electronic technicians’ workshops to human and its environ­ment?

c) What are the common practices adopted by electrical/ electronic technicians to manage e-waste in their work­shops?

d) What are the challenges which electrical/electronic tech­nicians encountered over e-waste management in their workshops?

e) What are the e- waste management techniques required in electrical/electronic workshops?

Paul [106] claimed that demographic measures typically are used to identify key respondent characteristics that might influence opinion and/or are correlated with behaviours and experiences. Demographic measures include age, type of school, gender, level of academic study, race and educational attainment among other [106-107]. Thus, this study will test influence of qualification, experience, age and occupation on respondents’ opinions on advancement of waste management techniques in electrical/electronic’ workshops for sustainable Nigerian health society.

Hypotheses

a) HA1 Qualification, experience, age and occupation would significantly influence opinion of engineering lecturers and public health officers on hazardous status of e-waste com­ponents base on their level of abundance in electrical/electronic technicians’ workshops.

b) HA2 Qualification, experience, age and occupation would significantly influence opinion of engineering lecturers and public health officers on hazardous effect of electrical/elec­tronic waste in electrical/electronic technicians’ workshops.

c) HA3 Qualification, experience, age and occupation would significantly influence opinion of engineering lecturers and public health officers on common practices adopted by elec­trical/electronic technicians to manage e-waste in their work­shops.

d) HA4 Qualification, experience, age and occupation would significantly influence opinion of engineering lecturers and public health officers on challenges which electrical/elec­tronic technicians encountered over e-waste management in their workshops.

e) HA2 Qualification, experience, age and occupation would significantly influence opinion of engineering lecturers and public health officers on e- waste management techniques required in electrical/electronic workshops.

Materials and Methods

The study adopted Descriptive Survey research design. The study was conducted in Nigeria. Nganzi [108]; Gall, Gall & Borg [109] opined that descriptive surveys research design can be used to collect detailed and factual information that describes an existing phenomenon- their form, actions, changes over time and similarities with other phenomena- from all or a chosen number of the population of the concerned universe. Descrip­tive survey research design was adopted in this study because information regarding e-waste management was collected from experts using questionnaire. The study sampled one hundred and forty-one participants which included 54 public health of­ficers and 87 engineering lecturers in five Nigerian universities: 20 lecturers from Metallurgical and material engineering, 35 lec­turers from Civil engineering and 32 lecturers from Electrical/ electronic engineering in Nigeria. The study adopted structured questionnaire as instrument for data collection. The instrument was divided into Part 1 and 2. Part 1 of the instrument was used to receive demographic information of research participants while Part 2 of the instrument was divided into five sections-A, B, C, D and E- to illicit participant responses on hazardous sta­tus of e-waste component, hazardous effect of e-waste compo­nents, common practice adopted by electrical/electronic tech­nicians to manage e-waste material, challenges encountered by technicians over e-waste management and e-waste management techniques required in electrical/electronic workshops respec­tively. Questionnaire items were subjected to face and content validity through the help of three experts from two Nigerian uni­versities. The internal consistency of instrument was checked using Cronbach Alfa method. Thus, 0.76, 0.81, 0.69, 0.85 and 0.70 reliability coefficient estimate were obtained for section A, B, C, D and E respectively. Meanwhile, 0.79 was obtained as reliability coefficient estimate for the overall instrument. The instrument was administered using interpersonal contact by researchers and three research assistants. Researcher ensured consent of research participants using interpersonal discussion before the questionnaire is administered and through consent letter attached to the questionnaire. Data obtained were ana­lyzed using statistical software SPSS 22. The research questions were answered using mean, standard deviation and percentage. Meanwhile, t-test and analysis of variance (ANOVA) were used to analyze the data at 0.05 level of significance. 50 percent, being the average percentage value, was considered as cutoff point be­fore any item in section A could be considered as strongly belong to any response category.While the average mean value (cut-off point) decision for section B, C, D and E was 1 2 3 4 5 3.0 2 + + + + =

Presentation of Result

Table 1 shows detail demographic profile of research par­ticipants. Specifically, the table illustrated two group of partici­pants-87 engineering lecturers which comprises of 20 metallur­gical and material lecturers, 35 civil engineering lecturers and 32 electrical/electronic lecturers; and 54 public health officers. The participants, in regard to experience distribution, has 9 bach­elor’s degree holders, 86 master’s degree holders and 46 PhD holders. The study participants, regarding experience distribu­tion, comprised six participants with 0-9 years of experience, ninety-nine participants with 10-19 years of experience, nine participants with 20-29 years of experience and twenty-seven participants with 30 and above years of experience. Finally, in regard to age distribution, three of participants fell within the age range of 20-30, eleven participants fell within the age range of 31 and 40, eighty four participants fell within the age range of 41-50, thirty nine participants fell between the age ranges of 51- 60 and 4 participants fell within the age range of 61-70.

Data in Table 2 revealed that respondents agreed that all the 34 components of e-waste are hazardous except aluminum. Specifically, lead, mercury, glass and organophosphorus had percentage ratings ranged between 66.6% and 95% under the category of ‘hazardous when slightly abundant’. This depicted that these components are hazardous and can intoxicate the en­vironment irrespective of the volume and quantity. Iron, copper, wood, yttrium, zinc, chlorobenzene and radioactive elements had percentage ratings ranged between 63.6% and 90.8% under the category of ‘hazardous when moderately abundant’. This in­dicated that these components are hazardous but can intoxicate the environment only when they are fairly or averagely abun­dant. Also, toner dust, cadmium, brominated flame among other components of e-waste had percentage ratings ranged between 61.0% and 95% under the category of ‘hazardous when largely abundant’. This illustrated that these components are hazardous but can intoxicate the environment only when they are largely or excessively abundant. Meanwhile, aluminum had percentage ratings of 68.8% under the category of ‘not hazardous regardless of state of abundant’. This depicted that aluminum cannot intox­icate the environment regardless of the volume and quantity. Many scholastic reports supported this finding. Reports claimed that over 60% of the total weight of most of e-waste consists of iron, gold, aluminum, copper, lead, mercury, beryllium, cadmium, chromium and brominated flame retardants, of which 2.7% are pollutants [27,110-114] and cause severe hazard to ecosystems with the attendant environmental health risk to wildlife and hu­mans [38,94,115]. The composition of electronic wastes is most­ly in various forms and types, containing more than 1,000 differ­ent toxic and non-toxic substances [42,116]. Also, gases releases from e-wastes component like polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), brominated flame retardants (BFRs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polychlorinated dibenzo- p-dioxins and furans (PCDD/ Fs) among others affects bio-physical environ­ments and cause detrimental effects to human health [42,117]. Furthermore, scholars reported that some of toxic heavy metals found in e-waste include copper, beryllium, lead, tin, cadmium, brominated flame retardants, antimony, barium, and mercury [25,118]. Obaje [37]; Puckett, Westervelt, Gutierrez & Takamiya [32]; Terada [65] reported that polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) exported to Koko area of Delta State, Nigeria in June 1988 was hazardous and caused death of cancer to people of the commu­nity.

Table 3 showed that the hazardous effect of e-waste in elec­trical/electronic workshops stood at mean value of (4.49±0.51). Meanwhile, the mean rating for each item stood at mean values ranged between (4.14±0.35) and (4.63±0.48). This depicted that all the 25 items had mean ratings above the cut-off point of 3.0 and were considered by respondents as hazardous effect of e-waste in electrical/electronic technicians’ workshops to human and its environment. United Nations Environment Pro­gramme [49] supported this result and herein reported that failure to care for solid wastes including e-waste incurs a se­vere penalty, later, in the form of resources needlessly lost, foul odours and unsightliness and contamination of air, water, and soil resources. Individuals who live near or on disposal sites, are infected with gastrointestinal parasites, worms, and related organisms [49]. Furthermore, study found that 36.3% of 1,000 women living near the informal recycling sites experienced stillbirths in the Sylhet region of Bangladesh and 64% had hear­ing and/or vision problems [42,119-121]. Also, burnt e-wastes produce smoke, dust or carbon particles from toners consist of carcinogens and other hazardous chemicals which causes severe inflammations and lesions including many respiratory, lung and skin cancer and diseases [68].

Table 4 showed that the common practices adopted by electrical/electronic technicians to manage e-waste in work­shops stood at mean value of (4.12±0.61). Meanwhile, the mean rating for thirteen items (item 1, 2, 3 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 13 and 14) stood at mean values ranged between (3.19±0.51) and (4.56±0.50). This proclaimed that all thirteen items had mean ratings above the cut-off point of 3.0 and were considered by re­spondents as common practices adopted by electrical/electronic technicians to manage e-waste in workshops. Meanwhile, item 12 had rating value (2.34±0.91) bellow the cutoff value of 3.00 and was not considered by respondents as common practices adopted by electrical/electronic technicians to manage e-waste in workshops. The scholars Needhidasan, Melvin & Ramalingam [27]; Sivakumaran [68] supported this finding wherein reported that dismantling of e-wastes takes much labor, in countries like China and in some parts of India where big quantity of tons of e-wastes are junked, dismantled, shredding, tearing and burn­ing. Needhidasan, Melvin & Ramalingam [27]; Sinha-Khetriwal [73] reported that in Mumbai metropolis alone, people throw away 19,000 to 20,000 tons of electronic waste every month. Babatunde [25] reported that uncontrolled burning, disassem­bly and disposal which are common in the society can cause environmental and health problems. Also, Edward-Ekpu [64] reported that in Nigeria, a lot of e-waste are also stockpiled in offices and homes.

Table 5 showed that the challenges which electrical/elec­tronic technicians encounter over e-waste management stood at mean value of (4.62±0.44). Meanwhile, the mean rating for each item stood at mean values ranged between (4.40±0.49) and (4.94±0.23). This depicted that all the 10 items had mean ratings above the cut-off point of 3.0 and were considered by respon­dents as challenges which electrical/electronic technicians en­counter over e-waste management in workshops. Thus, this re­sult was supported by scholars and scientist in the field of waste management. Obaje [37] submitted that e-waste is a major prob­lem in Nigeria today because there is very low level of awareness of the hazards and health risk associated with e-waste. Needhi­dasan, Melvin & Ramalingam [27] reported that people who are working with e-waste sector are the urban poor with very low literacy levels and hence have very little awareness regarding the hazards of e-waste toxins. Babatunde [25] reported that one of the challenges facing e-waste management in Nigeria is lack of public awareness by manufacturers and consumers on the in­herent dangers of handling and trading in e-waste and lack of a comprehensive e-waste management regulation or legislation in Nigeria to regulate, control and prohibit the flow of used con­sumer electronic products within Nigeria. E-waste collection in Nigeria is not organized because there are no collection centres for e-waste materials and this however caused most of e-wastes to be dumped along with other wastes [64].

Table 6 revealed that the e-waste management techniques required in electrical/electronic workshops stood at mean value of (4.43±0.49). Meanwhile, the mean rating for each item stood at mean values ranged between (4.03±0.58) and (4.96±0.20). This proclaimed that all the 34 items had mean ratings above the cut-off point of 3.0 and were considered by respondents as e-waste management techniques required in electrical/electron­ic workshops. The reports of past research supported the pres­ent findings. Manfred [122] supported this finding and herein reported that waste management service is falling too short of the desired level of efficiency and satisfaction resulting in prob­lems of health, sanitation and environmental degradation due to absence of serious efforts from necessary authorities. Thus, Needhidasan, Melvin & Ramalingam [27] reported that techni­cal and policy-level interventions, implementation and capacity building and increasing the public awareness can convert this challenge of massive e-waste generated into an opportunity. Babatunde [25] recommended that government should estab­lish regulatory framework, through relevant agencies to manage e-waste and permanent e-waste collection facilities should be provided at strategic locations and usage of such facilities should be enforced. Ewuim, Akunne, Abajue, Nwankwo & Faniran [39] submitted that mass education and awareness should be creat­ed by regulatory bodies and government on inherent dangers of poor e-waste management on the environment.

Table 7 shows the summary of analysis of t-test and one-way between-groups analysis of variance that was conducted to ex­plore the influence of qualification, experience, age and occupa­tion of public health officers and engineering lecturers on their response to research questions. Participants were divided into three, four, five and two groups according to their qualification, experience, age and occupation respectively.

Hypothesis 1

Thus, qualification statistically influenced the response of engineering lecturers and public health officers on hazardous status of e-waste components in electrical/electronic work­shops base on level of abundance: F (2,138) = 6.688; Sig.= 0.002. Experience statistically influenced the response of engineer­ing lecturers and public health officers on hazardous status of e-waste components in electrical/electronic workshops base on level of abundance: F (3,137) = 8.018; Sig.= 0.000. Age statisti­cally influenced the response of engineering lecturers and pub­lic health officers on hazardous status of e-waste components in electrical/electronic workshops base on level of abundance: F (4,136) = 24.228; Sig.= 0.000. Meanwhile, occupation did not statistically influence the response of engineering lecturers and public health officers on hazardous status of e-waste compo­nents in electrical/electronic workshops base on level of abun­dance: F (139, 90.976) = 0.232; Sig.= 0.631.

Hypothesis 2

Qualification statistically influenced the response of engi­neering lecturers and public health officers on hazardous ef­fect of e-waste in electrical/electronic technicians’ workshops: F (2,138) = 7.384; Sig.= 0.001. Experience statistically influ­enced the response of engineering lecturers and public health officers on hazardous effect of e-waste in electrical/electronic technicians’ workshops: F (3,137) = 11.573; Sig.= 0.000. Age sta­tistically influenced the response of engineering lecturers and public health officers on hazardous effect of e-waste in electri­cal/electronic technicians’ workshops: F (4,136) = 11.365; Sig.= 0.000. Meanwhile, occupation did not statistically influence the response of engineering lecturers and public health officers on hazardous effect of e-waste in electrical/electronic technicians’ workshops: F (139, 110.082) = 0.145; Sig.= 0.704.

Hypothesis 3

Qualification did not statistically influence the response of engineering lecturers and public health officers on common practices adopted by electrical/electronic technicians to manage e-waste in the workshops: F(2,138)= 0.556; Sig.= 0.575. Expe­rience did not statistically influence the response of engineer­ing lecturers and public health officers on common practices adopted by electrical/electronic technicians to manage e-waste in the workshops: F(3,137)= 0.700; Sig.= 0.553. Age did not sta­tistically influence the response of engineering lecturers and public health officers on common practices adopted by electri­cal/electronic technicians to manage e-waste in the workshops: F(4,136)= 0.923; Sig.= 0.453. Also, occupation did not statisti­cally influence the response of engineering lecturers and pub­lic health officers on common practices adopted by electrical/ electronic technicians to manage e-waste in the workshops: F(139,104.969)= 0.627; Sig.= 0.430.

Hypothesis 4

Qualification statistically influenced the response of engi­neering lecturers and public health officers on challenges which electrical/electronic technicians encounter over e-waste man­agement: F(2,138)= 9.809; Sig.= 0.000. Age statistically influ­enced the response of engineering lecturers and public health officers on challenges which electrical/electronics technicians encounter over e-waste management: F(4,136)= 4.856; Sig.= 0.001.Meanwhile, experience did not statistically influence the response of engineering lecturers and public health officers on challenges which electrical/electronic technicians encounter over e-waste management: F(3,137)= 0.319; Sig.= 0.812. Also, occupation did not statistically influence the response of engi­neering lecturers and public health officers on challenges which electrical/electronic technicians encounter over e-waste man­agement: F(139, 113.799)= 0.084; Sig.= 0.773.

Hypothesis 5

Qualification statistically influenced the response of engi­neering lecturers and public health officers on e-waste manage­ment techniques required in electrical/electronic workshops: F(2,138)= 24.196; Sig.= 0.000. Age statistically influenced the response of engineering lecturers and public health officers on e-waste management techniques required in electrical/elec­tronic workshops: F(4,136)= 17.938; Sig.= 0.000.Meanwhile, experience did not statistically influence the response of engi­neering lecturers and public health officers on e-waste manage­ment techniques required in electrical/electronic workshops: F(3,137)= 0 .781; Sig.= 0.507. Also, occupation did not statisti­cally influence the response of engineering lecturers and public health officers on e-waste management techniques required in electrical/electronic workshops: F(139, 113.799)= 0.095; Sig.= 0.757. Omenogo [28], while comparing the practices of two ter­tiary institutions in Nigeria on e-waste management, reported that institution was not a determining factor on whether a de­partment keep records of discarded electronic equipment and records of stored out of use electronic items. Ohajinwa, Peter, Martina & Willie [123] reported also that health risk awareness level of the e-waste workers was significantly lower compared with their counterparts in the same informal sector. Thus, this study has commonalities with those previous studies.

Conclusion

The study investigated advancement of electrical/electron­ic waste management techniques among electrical/electron­ic technicians’ workshops for sustainable healthy society. The study uncovered the hazardous status of many composition of electronic waste materials based on the level of abundance. The study also revealed empirically the hazardous effect of e-waste materials in electrical/electronic workshops. Also, study con­firmed the common e-waste practices among electrical/elec­tronic technicians in their workshops and the challenges they are facing on e-waste management. Finally, this study discovered e-waste management techniques required for managing e-waste materials in electrical/electronic workshops. This study was geared purposely to reconstruct our society for sustainable and conducive living.

Limitation of the study

The study adopted survey research design wherein ques­tionnaire was used. This was not the best. There was part of this study that required pure and in-depth laboratory investigation. Thus, future study can be centered on this regard.

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